Permissibility of stem cell treatment

Question:-

I want to know the Islamic view on stem cells and “cell banks”. Is it permissible to store the umbilical cord stem cells collected at birth which are preserved exclusively for the child or family, for potential future treatment.

A “cell bank” is a place where a person’s stem cells are stored, in return for a fee for a certain length of time — several years/lifetime — so that they can be used in the future if needed.

A detailed explanation is available on the Discovery Medical Aid website.

Answer:-

In order to understand stem cell therapy, we wish to highlight what stem cells are.

What are stem cells?

“Stem cells are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide to form more cells called, daughter cells.

These daughter cells either become new stem cells (self-renewal) or, become specialized cells (differentiation) with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle or bone. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types.”

It is said that there are mainly two types of stem cells. One website states, “Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources:

• Embryos formed during the blast cyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and
• Adult tissue (adult stem cells)

Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone etc.).”

What is stem cell therapy?

“Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.”

A more detailed explanation is as follows:

“Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional, or injured tissue, using stem cells or their derivatives. It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.

Researchers grow stem cells in a lab. These stem cells are manipulated to specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells.

The specialized cells can then be implanted into a person. For example, if the person has a heart disease, then the cells could be injected into the heart muscle. The healthy transplanted heart cells could then contribute to repairing defective heart muscle.

Researchers have already shown that adult bone marrow cells guided to become heart-like cells, can repair heart tissue in people and more research is ongoing.”

What is cord blood banking?

“Cord blood banking is a procedure in which cord blood — a rich source of stem cells — is taken from a new-born’s umbilical cord after delivery and used for research or preserved for possible use in a stem cell transplant.”

“A cord blood bank is a facility which stores umbilical cord blood for future use. Both private and public cord blood banks have been developed in response to the potential for cord blood in treating diseases of the blood and immune systems. Public cord blood banks accept donations to be used for anyone in need, and as such, function like public blood banks. Traditionally, public cord blood banking has been more widely accepted by the medical community. Private cord blood banks store cord blood solely for potential use by the donor or donor’s family. Private banks typically charge around $2,000 for the collection and around $200 a year for storage.”

Conclusion

In the light of the above-mentioned information, we come to know that stem cell therapy is using some portion of a human’s body for medical purposes and the cord blood banking is collecting the blood of the umbilical cord, from which stem cells are extracted and stored for later usage. This stored blood can either be used by the child who was attached to the umbilical cord at the time of the blood extraction, the mother of the child, another family member, or any other person.

Our research has shown us that, doctors can use a person’s own stem cells in another part of that person’s body or the stem cells can be used in someone else’s body. Similarly, the stem cells from the cord blood can be used for the child who was attached to the umbilical cord at the time of the blood extraction, the mother of the child, another relative, or any other person. We thus conclude that the stem cell is like blood, so the stem cell therapy will fall under the ruling of blood transfusion.

The ruling of stem cell therapy and cord blood which is the same as blood transfusion is as follows:

• It is permissible to do stem cell therapy in dire situations where there may be fear of a loss of limb, life or prolonged sickness, even if the stem cells are from someone else.
• It is permissible to donate the stem cells for future medical use since it will have to be checked in advance for diseases and infections. The intention of the donor should be that the stem cells should be used in time of dire need.
• It is not permissible to do stem cell therapy for cosmetic or beautification purposes.
• It is not permissible to sell the stem cells. However, if a person is in dire need of it and only able to procure it by purchasing it, then it will be permissible to purchase it. Nevertheless, the prohibition for selling it remains.
• It will not be permissible to use cosmetics which are made from human stem cells.
• The view of our Darul Ifta is that just as it is not permissible to donate one’s limbs for medical research, similarly, it will not be permissible to donate stem cells or cord blood for purposes of medical research; whether such donation is done whilst one is alive or if one makes a bequest to this effect. Therefore, if someone had made a bequest for the usage of his stem cells for medical research purposes, it will not be permissible for the heirs to fulfil such a bequest.
• Cord blood banking will be permissible like blood banking. However, it must be borne in mind that cord blood banking at a private institute is very costly and the cord blood cannot be used for the aforementioned prohibited reasons.

Re:- Extracted from Darul Ifta archives

فتاوی    محمودیہ       ج   18  ص  -328- 329-فاروقيہ

انسان کے خون کو دوا میں بھی استعمال  کرنا   جا‏ئز     نہیں ، اگر  اضطراری کیفیت ہو   کہ  بغیر  انسانی  خون کے جان پچنے کی کوئی  صورت  نہ  ہو تو ایسی مجبوری کی حالت میں  اس  کی گنجائش ہے، لیکن خون کی خرید وفروخت کا کاروبارجائز نہیں-

جواھر الفقہ ج7 ص 47-مکتبہ دار العلوم کراچی

۔۔۔۔ جب خون دینے سے محض منفعت يا        زينت مقصود ہو، يعنی جب ہلاکت يا  مرض کی طوالت کا اندیشہ نہ ہو بلکہ محض قوت بڑھانا يا حسن میں اضافہ کرنا  مقصود ہو تو ایسی صورت میں خون دینا ہرگز جائز نہیں۔

فتاوی    محمودیہ       ج   18  ص   –336-فاروقيہ

کسی فوت شدہ   انسان کا جگر،آنکھ، دل و غیرہ  دوسرے  انسان کے جسم میں نہیں لگاسکتے، اگر کوئی  آدمی ایسی وصیت کرتا ہے جیسا  کہ سوال میں  درج ہے تو یہ وصیت کرنا جائز نہیں  ہے اور  وہ نا قابل نفاذ ہے:“أحدهما أن يوصى بما هو معصية عندنا و عندهم كالوصية للمغنيات و النا ئحات فهذا لا يصح اجماعا” مجمع الانهر: 2/716

فتاوی    محمودیہ       ج   18  ص   -340-فاروقيہ

شریعت نے مردہ  انسانوں کا احترام اسی طرح ضروری قرار ديا ہے جس طرح زندہ کا، پس محض طبی تجربات کے لئے مردوں کاچیرنا  پھاڑنا جائز نہیں۔۔۔

ALLAH TA’ALA KNOWS BEST!

ANSWERED BY:

Mufti Mohammed Desai

Date: 05 Jumadal Ula 1444 / 30 November 2022